Should Racial Slurs Be Banned From Society - 847 Words

Should Racial Slurs be Banned from Society? Racial slurs have grown within American history as our society has developed into one of the greatest superpowers of the world. As a nation, America has fought several internal and external wars to advance into a free country and attain the rights it now holds. These rights, or moral principles, were established to protect the residents inhabiting each state. Countless rules of regulation against racism have been enforced by Congress beginning from the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to the Fourteenth Amendment but none touching the verbal digression faced on the basis of race, ethnicity, and nationality by millions of people. Racial slurs have gradually become a norm in society and within the English language that has lead to segregation of towns and cities, countless threats of violence due to the disrespect of cultures, and the continuation of discrimination that builds further generation to generation. If the slurs of today were forbidden by society through the firm administration Ameri ca already upholds, civility and progress could grow stronger in the country traditionally referred to as an enormous melting pot of cultures. The diversity of America is known as a melting pot formed by people across the world that immigrated for their own new beginning. Through this merge, cultures exchanged and an influx of diversity developed, but Ernest Caraventes, the author of From Melting Pot to Witch’s Cauldron, asks, â€Å"Whose culture is itShow MoreRelatedHuckleberry Finn Should Not Be Banned1404 Words   |  6 PagesWhy The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Should Not Be Banned â€Å"Banning books gives us silence when we need speech. It closes our ears when we need to listen. It makes us blind when we need sight,† Stephen Chbosky. Books open up people’s minds to new ideas and allow people to the world in a new light. Banning books only makes one want to read those books more- to learn and poder over the controversial issues. One controversially banned novel is the The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This book whileRead MoreCensorship Of Classic Books1325 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society have the growing responsibility of censoring their work, ultimately loosing their freedom of expression. Canada is no different from other countries who have begun the long list of â€Å"banned and challenged classic novels.† Most of the Canadian population can remember studying Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With the Wind and Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, though children today will never have the opportunity and privilege to learn from theseRead MoreEssay about School Censorship is Detrimental to Education1519 Words   |  7 Pages   Mark Twain, John Steinbeck, Harper Lee, Maya Angelou. What do these writers have in common? Sure, they are all great American authors, but there is something else. They are all banned. Censored. Forbidden. Who has not read a book by at least one of these authors? All are great pieces of literature and should be crucial parts of the high school curriculum. School censorship of books is detrimental to the educational development of high school students.    In order to understand theRead MoreWhy Should Huck Finn Be Banned? Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Should Huck Finn Be Banned? The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a novel by Mark Twain, has been controversial since it hit the shelves on its release. The novel had ideals of racism, slavery, tricks, and societal wake up calls that was a smack in the face to readers. This novel has been fought now and again to be censored, or to be banned altogether from public high school reading lists. Huck Finn is a novel in which the reader doesn’t have to look very far below the surface to see the messageRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1648 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most controversial books in America. The basis of this controversy can be summarized briefly for it was the use of racial slur and issues of slavery that caused tension in our society. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was banned for the first time one month after its publication. â€Å"â€Å"Not suitable for trash† was the opinion of the Concord, Massachusetts, librarians who banned it in 1885.† (PEN Am erican Center ). Twain, one of the most commonly spoken name of classic authors in America wrote thisRead MoreRacism Through the Decades770 Words   |  3 PagesShould The adventures of Huckleberry Finn be banned from schools? In the past century many people have argued whether it should or shouldn’t be. In many perspectives, this book taught people what it was like back then and how it used to be in 1884. Others believe that, the book was full of racial slurs and was just racist in general. The controversy between both sides of this book has had tremendous opinions spoken and has really changed others mind about it but if you really decypher the book itRead MoreEssay on Why The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Should Not Be Banned695 Words   |  3 Pages The decision to ban the novel Huckleberry Finn from classrooms and libraries has been an ongoing controversy. The presence of the n word and the treatment towards Jim, and other blacks in general, has made many readers unc omfortable. Despite this fact, Huckleberry Finn has been and remains a classic read. I do not believe the novel should be banned or sanitized because it is a part of American history whether it is good or bad, also we have no right to change someones writing simply because weRead MoreOf Mice and Men Argumentative Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, has a controversial history. It has been repeatedly banned by school boards. Why might this book have been banned? Is such an action justified? In a five-paragraph essay, take a position for or against banning this novel. Use your three body paragraphs to develop each of three reasons for or against banning the novel. The Lost Portion of Human Society Right from the beginning of human civilization, books had become the vital flame that ignited many greatRead MoreIs Banning Books Constitutional?1208 Words   |  5 PagesKill a Mockingbird. The Da Vinci Code. The Grapes of Wrath. These literary classics have been vital to the education of many, especially children and adolescents (Banned Books). These great novels both teach important values and educate children about world affairs and classic themes. Unfortunately, each of these novels has been banned at one point in time. In a country where freedom is so adamantly advocated, it is a wonder that an issue like censorship would even come up, that such a controversyRead MoreSlavery, Segregation, And Discrimination1264 Words   |  6 Pagesperpetuates the trend of removing power from those whose voices society silences. Utilizing the N word gives black people a measure of control over their identities that history stole. Reclamation remembers the odious history of the word and honor s the people who lived it, while giving the black community autonomy over their language, history, and selfhood. From a historical perspective, the N word has been utilized in the same way and for the same purposes as any slur. Its intention: to generalize, to

Is Journalistic Objectivity Beneficial - 1093 Words

Choosing what news station to watch can be a big deal. Maybe one person identifies with Fox News more and maybe one person identifies with CNN more. Whatever news station one chooses there might be some biases with how news stories are reported. These biases may be harmful to the facts that need to be reported on, or it could just be a part of being human. All people have opinions, and that includes reporters. However, it is a reporter’s job to share the facts and not the opinions. In this paper I will first define what journalistic objectivity, and then address the following questions, Can or should a journalist be objective, under what circumstances can objective journalism be beneficial, and under what circumstances can objective†¦show more content†¦While watching the videos I did not develop trust in the report, nor did I feel that any of his information was factual. This is why it is important for journalists to report the truth. In order for the viewer to feel that they can trust that the information given to them in factual and not opinion based, so that the viewer is able to establish their own opinion. Before getting into why objectivity can be harmful, it is important to lay out why some news media is biased. These reasons will come from the â€Å"Rhetorica: Media/ Political Bias.† News media are biased towards conflict because it draws readers and viewers. People do not want to know that everything in the world in wonderful, people like to know what conflict is going on. The next bias plays into the conflict which is that good news is boring and that news media is biased towards bad news. The news media is biased towards the immediate; this is because when the news is ever-changing even when there is little to cover on the subject. People do not want to see the same report on the same subject multiple times. News media likes it when there is a narrative behind a story; when there are antagonists and protagonists. This can lead to a journalists add or seeking our drama for the sake of drama. While these are not all of the reasons why news media are not objective but are biased it does explain why. When looking at objectivity being harmful it is easier to look at how biases inShow MoreRelated Journalism and Social Media1319 Words   |  6 Pagesjournalism that is appealing to me. I recently read an article somewhere, in which BBC journalist Sigrun Rottman said that objectivity in journalism is an illusion and the media should think more of being balanced than being objective. According to her, objectivity in the media does not really exist. This hit home for me because before being a journalism student I believed that objectivity in journalism was undoubtedly the focal point of the profession and that the business of every journalist was to beRead MoreGlobal Warming Issues1504 Words   |  7 Pagesfindings that carbon dioxide levels were rising rapidly throughout the past decade and that carbon dioxide itself was a pollutant. The dissenting scientists claimed that influxes of CO2 throughout the earth’s atmosphere over time has actually been beneficial to the environment and that global warming is not the impending threat mainstream scientists have portrayed it to be. The article urged politicians and candidates for public office to not fall victim to the hoax and alarmism that majority scientistsRead MoreIntroduction This paper will cover the omnipresence of media biases and their implications in1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe tendency to downplay the big social, economic, or political picture in favor of the human trials, tragedies, and triumphs that sit at the surface of event (Bennett, 2011, pg. 40). Not only that, but personalized news specifically refers to journalistic bias that gives preference to individual actors and human-interest angles in events or larger institutional, social, and political contexts. One of the main roles of a personalization bias is to downplay larger social, economic, or political stories;Read MoreQuestions On Human Induced Climate Change1604 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects ones reputation as an academic. Nonetheless, as these topics have a very specific approach in which it communicates it may deem hard for people not educated at a high level in the specific domain to fully understand, making their work less beneficial to the public. Also although many peer reviewed articles can be found online, in order for the general public to access them, readers must pay at times hefty amounts which is likely to send readers to the millions of other sources that can be accessedRead MoreEssay about The Important Role of News Reporters2236 Words   |  9 Pages It is the chicken-and-egg concept: to understand better, people need to know more, but if we give them more information, they tune out. Probably the major concerns of the news reporters professional community are fairness, accuracy, and objectivity in news stories. In her speech at the University of South Dakota on October 2, 1997, Cokie Roberts, co-anchor of the ABC news program This Week and an analyst with National Public Radio, said that much of the criticism of the media is because peopleRead More The Influence of the Media on Politics Essays4124 Words   |  17 Pagesmeant, not to benefit the public at all but to be either mutually beneficial to the government and the various media outlets or exclusively beneficial to one side. For the most part media and the government, when I use the term government I am referring to all political parties, or organizations that have any interest or stake in political outcomes decided by the public, are meant to lie in bed together and be mutually beneficial. GRAFICA But there are occasions when one side creates a situationRead MoreSocial Problems Among Youth5423 Words    |  22 PagesMalaysian newspaper. According to sociologists, Coleman and Cressey (1999), people usually think of a social problem as any condition that is harmful to the society. However, social problem might be harmful to some segment of the society but are beneficial to the people who involved in. Therefore, Coleman Cressey (1999) have defined a social problem as â€Å"a social problem exists when there is a sizeable difference between the ideals of a society and its actual achievements† (p. 3). In addition toRead MoreUnit 17 Police Powers In The Uniformed Public Services5676 Words   |  23 Pagesan offence has been or will be committed must be based on ‘reasonable grounds’ before he or she can exercise a number of police powers. This means an objective assessment of the situation must be made by the officer at that moment in time. The objectivity is crucial otherwise officers may allow their own subjective opinions to decide who they stop, leading to a situation where certain individuals ar e stopped and searched based on the prejudice of the officer involved. You should not be stopped orRead MoreIntermediate Accounting Chapter 2 Essay18490 Words   |  74 Pagesthe publication of the magazine every month is subject to some of the same criticism from the standpoint of theory as the suggestion that all or most of the revenue be recognized in the accounts at the time the subscription is sold. Although the journalistic efforts of the magazine are important in the process of earning revenue, the firm could not prosper without magazine sales and the advertising that results from paid circulation. Hence, some revenue should be recognized in the accounts at the time

Understanding Nutrition Free Essays

Al-Quds University Body Fluid Lab. Report Chemical Examination of Urine Prepared By : Lucia Principles Benedict’s Test for Reducing Sugars Urinary sugars when boiled in Benedict’s reagent reduce copper  sulphate  to a reddish cuprous oxide precipitate in hot alkaline medium, the intensity of which is proportional to the amount of sugar present in the urine. The results are reported as 1+,2+, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Nutrition or any similar topic only for you Order Now depending upon the  colour  and intensity of the cuprous oxide precipitate. turbidimetric method protein in urine Quantitative Tests for 24-Hour Specimens. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) test. The addition of TCA to a urine specimen precipitates the protein in a fine suspension that is quantified spectrophotometrically at 420 nm (nanometers) by comparison with a similarly treated standard. Heat and acetic acid method Heat test: Based on the principle of heat coagulation and precipitation of proteins. If any turbidity appears, add 2 drops of 33% acetic acid. (Acidification is necessary because in alkaline medium heating may precipitate phosphates). If the precipitate is due to proteins, it will increase on acidification and if it is due to phosphates, it will dissolve again. Sulphosalicylic  acid method Urine Protein Sulfosalicylic Acid Precipitation Test (SSA) Principle: Three percent (3%) Sulfosalicylic Acid (SSA reagent) is added to a small and equal volume of clear urine. The acidification causes precipitation of protein in the sample (seen as increasing turbidity), which is subjectively graded as trace,1+, 2+, 3+ or 4+. Bence Jones protein Bence Jones reaction involves heating urine to 140 °F (60 °C). At this temperature, the Bence Jones proteins will clump. The clumping disappears if the urine is further heated to boiling and reappears when the urine is cooled. Other clumping procedures using salts, acids, and other chemicals are also used to detect these proteins. These types of test will reveal whether or not Bence Jones proteins are present, but not how much is present. Hemosiderin Hemosiderin stain is used to indicate the presence of iron storage granules called hemosiderin  by microscopic examination of urine sediment. Granules of hemosiderin stain blue when potassium ferrocyanide is added to the sample. The Prussian blue stain may also be used to identify siderocytes (iron-containing red blood cells [RBCs]) in peripheral blood. The presence of siderocytes in circulating RBCs is abnormal. Urobilinogen This test is based on a modified Ehrlich reaction in which p-diethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with urobilinogen in a strongly acid medium. Colors range from light pink to bright magenta. Results * Benedict’s Test result for cup # G3 : 4+ Brown color appear. * Turbidimetric method result for cup of 24-hrs urine: Tube| Absorbance| Test+test-blank| 0. 058| Standard+water blank| 0. 010| Calculation : Total protein (mg/dl)=At/Ast ? conc. St 0. 058/0. 010 ? 100=580 mg/dl Total protien(mg/24 hrs) =urine protein (mg/dl)? urine volume(ml)/100 = 580? 2000/100)=11600 mg /dl Normal values :0-150 mg/24 hrs * Heat and acetic acid method and Sulphosalicylic  acid method for cup # P4: 4+ precipitation appeared. * Bence Jones protein for cup # P4 : Clear after 15 min of boiling so negative for Bence Jones protein. * Hemosiderin results :Few Hemosiderin granules was seen under Microscope * Urobilinogen result for cup # G 3:Negative result (no appearance of red color). Interpretation Benedict’s Test for Reducing Sugars Normal urine does not contain any reducing sugar. If protein is present in large amounts, it may interfere with the precipitation of the cuprous oxide. To overcome this problem, precipitate the proteins using 3% SSA filter using a  Whatman  filter paper and use the filtrate to test the amount of sugar present. As a quality control measure, standards containing known amounts of glucose are prepared in saturated benzoic acid and one of the standards is used every day to check the reliability of the patient’s results. The standard results may be transformed in the following semi-quantitative way. turbidimetric method protein in urine For turbidimetric methods, there were no apparent problems of comparative bias between human albumin and serum-based materials and urines used in this study. Perhaps this was because all materials were diluted in 9 g/L saline: turbidimetric methods generally suffer from failure of standards and samples to form precipitates identically,and precipitation may not occur at low protein concentrations in urines of high ionic strength. Heat and acetic acid method This test is sensitive enough to detect protein down to a concentration of 2-3 mg%. If  an alkaline  urine is boiled, the protein may be converted into the so- called â€Å"alkaline  metaprotein†, which is not coagulated by heat. Therefore it is always better to acidify the urine before doing this test. If too much acetic acid is added, the protein may be converted to the so-called â€Å"acid  metaprotein†, which is also not coagulated by heat. Therefore the urine should be only mildly acidic. Sulphosalicylic  acid method The  sulphosalicylic  acid method will not detect protein in  a normal  urine, but will be sensitive enough to detect protein present down to 20mg%. As a quality control measure, a 22g/dl albumin solution can be diluted appropriately with 0. 9 g/dl sodium chloride to get standards containing 20, 50, 200, 500 and 2500 mg/dl proteins. These standards are stable for one month when stored at 2-80C. Bence Jones protein Monoclonal light chain proteinuria (Bence Jones proteinuria) is seen in patients with light chain myeloma, in approximately 50% of those with IgG and IgA myeloma, and in some patients with other lymphoproliferative disorders (eg, macroglobulinaemia) and plasma cell dyscrasias (amyloid). Entire paraprotein molecules may also be detected in serum. Urine protein dipsticks do not detect Bence-Jones protein. Hemosiderin Hemosiderin is present in diseases involving a true siderosis of kidney parenchyma (hemochromatosis). It is also present 2-3 days after an acute hemolytic episode that produces hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria. Hemosiderin granules are found in intact renal tubular epithelial cells or occasionally in casts and may also be seen extracellularly. Urobilinogen Interpretation of results will depend upon several factors: the variability of color perception; the presence or absence of inhibitory factors; the presence or absence of inhibitory factors typically found in urine, the specific gravity or the pH; and the lighting conditions under which the product is used. How to cite Understanding Nutrition, Essay examples

Understand how to communicate in writing free essay sample

Identify different sources of information that may be used when preparing written communication The internet- the internet contains an almost limitless amount of information on every topic imaginable so this is an ideal source for the research of information. Books- Books can now be found available on the internet but a much wider range is available in public libraries and is great for information research. Videos- non written informational source such as videos can also be used to prepare written communication. They may show for example an interview with a person, technique for a particular sports move, a ‘how to’ guide. Notes from the video can then be made into a written piece of work. Reports- financial reports covering the businesses lifetime which may be relevant. People- asking people can be a great source of information, they can give you an opinion, personal account and if they are more experienced/educated within the topic you are researching can give you a great amount of details or simplify a piece of information so you can understand it easier. 2. Describe the communication principles for using electronic forms of written communication in a business environment Electronic forms of business communications are communications through emails, faxes or electronic filing. Anything that is stored or transmitted electronically is electronic forms of data or communication. In an office environment, you should make sure that the audience will be able to interpret information you are sending out or storing clearly and know how to use the software because emails, scanning, faxes ECT are all forms of electronic communications. When choosing electronic communications for exchange of information, you should think logically to decide which the best and most efficient method of communication is. 2. 3 Describe the reasons for using language that suits the purpose of written communication Colloquial, casual and formal writing are different styles of writing that that can be used in communications. The style of writing also depends on the purpose of what it is intended to say, how it is intended to be said, what the document will be used for and the audience. Casual language is something that we use to communicate with family and close friends. Very informal words such as text speak that we use normally on a daily basis. Colloquial language is an informal language that is not rude but would not be used in formal situations, this may be used in a staff huddle situation where you want the staff to feel relaxed and not over whelmed with the information you are giving out. Formal language would be used in meetings wh ere the audience possibly member of higher management/directors are present and would not appreciate the colloquial speech you would give to your employees. You need to be personally well presented and the language would contain formal words, good vocabulary and excellent grammar which are more important. 2. 4 Describe ways of organising, structuring and presenting written information so it meets the needs of an audience When organising, structuring and presenting written information we have to bear in mind the following: Prepare all the documents for presentation depending on what has to be delivered. Keep documents in the correct order, so that the communication goes in a proper flow without any confusions and errors. While presenting be clear in what you talk about, stating the objectives. Give an introduction on what you are going to present, why you are there doing it, why the attendees are there and why is it important. Allow time for question at the end of each subject and be prepared to answer them to the best of your knowledge. Present it step by step clearly using proper resources where needed Have leaflets or hand-outs ready so that they can take the information away with them In the end, close it down making clear that all objectives were covered and the attendees understood what was discussed. Inform the team what will happen next and what actions have to be implemented and any other outcomes from the presentation. 2. 5 Describe ways of checking for the accuracy of written information Any written content or communication has to be free of spelling and grammatical errors. It also has to be in the right and professional format. So the following have to be checked or considered before the document is finalised to be sent out. Proof read your document Whatever is written has to be accurate, otherwise it will have disastrous effects and can even ruin  the reputation of the organisation, and the organisation can itself get into trouble. So all details have to be double checked, for example dates, names, statistics, events, discussions, actions and other facts Spell check and grammar check Most programs now have a spell check and grammar check option available to easily correct typo errors. It is always best to read through the document twice before finalising as not all typo s may be picked up using this method, also some new words may not be added on to the spell checkers database. Use a template Usually every organisation has a different style for documents they produce. They will all be available; you should research through to find the correct style for the document that you want to produce. Find a beta reader Another way to ensure accuracy is to have your document read by another reader. Sometimes when we read through our own work, minor and sometimes major errors can be hard to detect which may be easily picked up by a different person. Also grammatical, punctuation and style errors can be picked up if the reader is an experienced person. Explain the purpose of accurate use of grammar, punctuation and spelling The main purpose in the correct use of grammar, punctuation and spelling is ensuring the receiver of the information can read it accurately and understand the information that is being passed on. When given a task to do for your employer they will expect you to do it correctly. Errors in a document could lead readers to distrust the information you were meant to pass on, this could then be relayed back to the employer who would themselves lose confidence in your ability. 2. Explain what is meant by plain English, and why it is used Plain English is simple, straight forward, easily understood English. They do not use difficult or technical terms, instead have common words used and understood by everyone. For example: Before High-quality learning environments are a necessary precondition for facilitation and enhancement of the on-going learning process. Plain English Children need good schools if they are to learn properly. Plain English is used for communication that emphasises clarity and avoids technical language. It is used so that what you try to communicate is easily understood by everyone and is appropriate to their reading skills and knowledge. It is clear and direct, with nothing hidden, free of unnecessary remarks and unnecessary language or slangs. 2. 8 Explain the need to proofread and check written work It is important to proofread all work you produce because there are other types of errors besides spelling errors and not all checking programs will pick up grammar and punctuation mistakes. Also it wont pick up on a sentence that could have typed incorrectly. 2. 9 Explain how to identify work that is important and work that is urgent Importance and urgency are two totally different things. When something is given to you that is urgent an immediate communication needs to be sent out relaying this information. For example: A call comes from head office stating that there is a safety issue on an item the store sells and it is to be taken off sale immediately. When something is important is should be prioritised into your communication. In the day to day work schedule there would be a mix of tasks, some important and some of low priority. But all tasks need to be completed before the deadlines. For example: The tills need to be checked by the end of trade that day, it is important to do this but yet not urgent that it needs to be straight away 2. 10 Describe organisational procedures for saving and filing written communication Every organisation has its own policies and procedures for saving and filling documents. Documents with similar information are filed together for ease of accessibility in ring binders or electronic folders. Documents that need to be shared with other departments and other staff are always stored on shared drives. Confidential information is usually stored in password protected files, encrypted if necessary. Records may be kept as paper files, or electronically in shared drives, databases or document management systems.

Reality vs Fantasy Literature an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Reality vs Fantasy Literature During the second half of the 20th century fantasy fiction has become one of the most productive and commercially successful of literature genres in English. In one sense this is not surprising. Literature containing elements of the fantastic is as old as literature in English, and includes such works as Beowulf, with its fire-spewing dragon and man-eating and man-eating ogres, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, with its enchantresses and shape-shifting giant, or Sir Thomas Malorys Le Morte DArthur or Shakespeares Midsummer Nights Dream and The Tempest, with their respective complements of enchanted swords, elvish knights, fairies, and wizards (Fantasy Fiction 2007). Need essay sample on "Reality vs Fantasy Literature" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The literature of the fantastic at any date can draw on a seemingly inexhaustible reservoir of concepts and characters from the age-old, international, and pre-literary genre of the folk tale, or tale of wonder. Literature of the fantastic should, however, be distinguished from fantasy fiction, a genre in some respects decisively modern. Readers and writers in a period dominated by science and by rationalistic world-view face problems in entertaining such concepts as those listed above, now known or at least very generally thought to be impossible or nonexistent. The problems were until recently increased by the low rating given to fantasy and the fantastic by practitioners of the realistic novel. In what one might call the post-Quixotic era, fantasy was marginalized into becoming a form for satire, for diversion, and above all for children. Undergraduates Usually Tell Us: I'm don't want to write my essay online. I don't have the time Essay writers propose: Things Go Better The greatest influence within the fantasy genre, however, has been another maverick, J.R.R. Tolkien. Tolkiens fantasy world, fabricated out of shattered myths which we, as post-moderns, ought no longer to believe in. The Lord of the Rings is essentially a re-creation, a synthesis of rejected myths and images into a fragile new composition. A skeptic may well ask why a discussion of fantasy must begin with metaphor, emblem, and suggestion. The irritation of the skeptic has point. It is one thing to identify the appeal of fantasy, but to demonstrate its value calls for something more bracing than suggestive emblems. Yet the proper beginning point is in the emblems, the metaphors, the haziness, the elusive circularity with which so many readers of fantasy articulate their responses. Tolkien used his expert in scholarly knowledge of Old English and Old Norse to create the world Germanic folk tale (Tolkien 2007). In C.S. Lewis chapter on The Meanings of Fantasy in an An Experiment in Criticism, with its repeated emphasis on fantasy as disinterested castle-building, to see the syndrome of metaphorical elusiveness at work. Even the more substantial writing of Tolkien in his famous essay On Fairy-Stories in Tree and Leaf will be a bitter pill for the skeptic since Tolkiens begins by describing the reading of fantasy not as an act of intellection, but as a journey through another country. And if Lewis and Tolkien, whose reputations as fiction writers rest almost exclusively on fantasy, seem to have a vested interest in speaking of their craft in mystifying terms, maybe we should listen to a novelist who works run a wider gamut (Childrens Literature 2007). Fantasy is the art of the unreal, the literature of the insecure soul. For the most part, fantasy is to be a vehicle for the soul of both writer and reader to articulate and reflect on mans basic insecurities. Fantasy allows people to think and imagine thoughts which are foolish in the eyes of society. Fantasy is a flower in an analytical and social jungle. What the students are saying is that readers of fantasy are often far more interested in protecting themselves than in protecting the art or the artifacts. The acknowledgment of feelings of insecurity, of foolishness, of an absorption so thorough that distance between self and book blurs, of fear that schematic constraints will cause imaginative coitus interrupts-all these responses indicate that the readers have lost control of themselves, have surrendered themselves is potentially embarrassing because those on the outside may find their reactions incomprehensible, unsophisticated, or socially unacceptable. These readers fear, in short, that they are not acting their age, and so describe their responses in stubborn or polemical or whimsical or cunningly vague terms which will shield them from charges of immaturity-shield them, in fact, from the repulsion and coldness which Freud saw as the dominant cultures rejection of public expression of fantasies by adults (Guibbory 2005). Fantasy restores a clear view of the familiar by making us free our vision form the blur of possessiveness. Tolkiens ethico-aesthetics provides a rationale for the basic convention of fantastic literature: the transference or displacement of familiar human situations and psychology to an unfamiliar, exotic, or bizarre setting. A look at one use of the convention in The Lord of the Rings will suggest how the fantastic transforms the familiar into the visionary. Readers of fantasy are like Frodo in Lothlorien, looking into an alien world but seeing little that has not been seen before. The machinery of the Rings-wizards, monsters, elvish runes, talking trees-is not its visionary center. The ostensible marvels have genuine charms of their own, but in the larger aesthetic of fantasy they are so much Windex for clearing the vision to more homely simple sights (Dubrow 2001). What keeps successful fantasy from self-indulgence or the decadence of mere novelty is that a writer like Tolkien do es not let the attention rest on the marvelous machinery, but directs the eye back to the richness of ordinary things. With access of knowledge and power the reader may turn to his own world, his consciousness of self, others and environment refreshed and cleansed. Tolkien, of course, neither invented nor exhausted the convention of displacement. And it is important to be wary of making Tolkienian fantasy an aesthetic-or ethical-norm. Neither the vision nor the response to vision which the Rings propose should be taken as definitive. In the trilogy the preferred response to fantastic vision is exuberance; even the bitterest knowledge the characters in the fiction acquire is tempered by a resiliency and vitality which makes the best of things. To say that a principal effect of fantasy is the return of the reader to his own world with access of knowledge and careful attention to the familiar is to hint at an important relation of fantasy to education. When education is a matter of refreshment, it proceeds, as do these types of literary fantasy, by simplification and subjective engagement. Simplicity and subjectivity may seem the very worst features of literary fantasy to adapt to the process of education; for the skeptic these features signify the unhealthy affinity between the fantastic and the escapist. As soon as teacher says, The kingdom of heaven is like a grain of mustard seed, he is appealing to learners fantasies, inviting them to attach personal, subjective value to a complex and recondite idea. The appeal to fantasy involves a severe simplification of the theological idea of heaven in order to transform the vision of heaven. As teacher, Jesus enlists the fantasies of his hearters by creating an image of the kingdom which is at once familiar and fresh, engaging and delightful. That image represents a sacrifice of conceptual rigor and precision; the pedagogy is anti-intellectual in that the teacher assumes the vision is father to the idea that subjective valuation precedes intellectual refinement Jesus the parable-maker exemplifies in his role as teacher the important function fantasy serves in the educative process (Timmerman 1983). We have, then, in simplification and subjectivity via Tolkien an illustration of the concomitant operation of creative and destructive forces in fantasy. The essential educational principle to which these forces contribute is the widening of thought through the abolition of conventional and obstructive categories of thought. The appeal of fantasy in education makes possible the restoration of the worth of an idea, to which complexity will add a later delight. As simple ideas from and solidify the teacher can wisely introduce more complex contingencies, not just to challenge simple ideas but to persistently reinvigorate the initial subjective valuation of learning. To keep simple ideas from themselves becoming inert and stale the teacher can cultivate the desire for the complex as a means to the continuing transformation as stretching of vision. In that sense, fantasy is not only the beginning point of education but its abiding motive, always opening new possibilities, always affirmin g a process of thought (Schefer 1997). As agent of education, the power of fantasy to renew and refresh what is inertly familiar creates an activity of mind whose enemies are habitual states of mind. This view of fantasy as a source of recovery and renewal-popularized and sanctified by Tolkien-makes fantasy out to be reasons natural ally: the freedom of fantasy is simply the prolegomenon to the discipline of reason. The appeal of fantasy may become a pedagogical trick which teachers can safely employ to engage students in process which will not undermine rational modes of thought and discourse. But there is another view of fantasy with other implications for education. The other view shifts emphasis from the familiar to the unprecedented, from powers of refreshment to powers of revelation, from an alliance with reason to an assault on rational consciousness, and form the secular to the numinous. That other view is adumbrated in the journal of a student who writes that fantasy requires not a willing suspension of disbelief, but a willing expansion of belief. When one suspends disbelief one adopts a temporary credulity; it is just a matter of shifting stance to return to disbelief: the mystery is disposed of, the book reverts to artifact, and the idea becomes tractable. But if an expansion of belief occurs, the shape and scope of ones world changes. Mystery is the dominant presence in a world where expanded belief dissolves boundaries between fantasy and actuality (Wemdorf 2002). A reader becomes implicated in a book and it cannot become again purely an artifact. A person is less likely to seize and master an idea than to feel seized and mastered by it. Fantasy is a way of enlarging experience, emphatically not a strategy for containing or rationalizing experience. In Alice in Wonderland of C.S Lewis expressed disappointment at the discovery that Alices adventures were all a dream. Fantasy is the ultimate/extreme of literature as an imaginative art. It is the incredible, the improbable, the implausible, the outlandish-the totally unlikely. But at the end of Alice, Carroll concedes to the plausible and denies his fantasy that extremity, that refusal to bargain with the laws of the normal world, which is an aesthetic standard many readers want to apply to fantasy. The ethical aesthetic came into play frequently in student responses to the endings of literary fantasies. A false note from the author at the end, a hint that de didnt mean to be taken too seriously, would threaten to unbuild a readers belief in and respect for a work which had seized his imagination. The epilogue is far more clever and ambiguous than Carrolls, but it was the cleverness, the feeling that Lewis wanted to manipulate her imagination. Lewis didnt want apologizing for writi ng a fantasy and she didnt want to hear about real and practical purposes (Morely 1887). Pray you no epilogue, for your fiction needs no excuse. The Little Prince is a fantasy which invites grokking. And Antoine de Saint-Exuperys fantasy of expansive and open-ended belief has had, loyal following than The Lord of the Rings. The mystery with Saint-Exupery stops the story is only an extension of the participatory nature of the entire narrative. The book is open-ended because it is throughout, filled with secrets and problems which it tempts each reader to ponder and fill in, each in his own way. The secret beauty of The Little Prince ad its doctrine of hidden riches and grokking an idea is not a matter of insights: grasping, enlivening, enhancing, discovering, discovering, and making ones own this-or-that return in the real-world-by virtue of gracing it with this-or-that private image (Bernstein 1999). Mystery. Belief. Grokking. Outsight. The words suggest very personal educational goals which have to do with establishing a sense of identity, grasping the meaning of ones relation both to the world outside oneself and to the world within oneself, even pursuing a from of religious fulfillment. Tolkien has described the fantasist as a sub-creator, one who does not create fantasy so much as the structural conditions for fantasy. The structure of a fantasy novel is a source of delight and stability for readers, but what they learn from fantasy comes from their imaginative participation in the work, not from any tendentious designs of the author. What fantasy is capable of offering is a means for finding some order to ones impermanences; what the teacher is capable of proposing are suggestions about the economies of discovery. Harry Potter in the classroom might be to explore and define fantasy novels. According to Beach and Marshall (1991), a fantasy novel includes the following characteristics: an element of good versus evil, a quest, physical metamorphosis, secondary world, magic and supernatural elements, and illustrations. With the exception of the cover design, no other drawings appear in the text of Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. However, Rowlings use of imagery and descriptive language serve as a substitute for illustrations in the definition presented bove. Fantasy provides the students the opportunity to encounter works that deal with basic questions of life. What is the nature of human being? What constitutes evil? What are appropriate ways to combat it? (Childrens Literature 2007). Given opportunities to do so, students will come up with answers, searching within themselves, to judge the characters in Harry Potter and their actions. Whether Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone are capable of sustaining a lasting place on the literary table remains to be seen and may be highly debated. For example, Anthony Holden, a British critic believing Harry Potter is no Beowulf, labels the popular new book derivative, traditional, and not particularly well written. Conversely, in an eloquent justification of the books literary merit, critic Richard Bernstein (1999) explains, The key here is the hero, Harry himself. Harry Potters story offers psychological depth with its early images of alienation, rejection, loneliness and powerlessness leading to its classically fairy tale ending. It meets the rigorous criteria outlined by Bruno Bettelheim in The Uses of Enchantment. The essence of fantasy fiction, however, is liberation from the constraints of what is known, coupled with a plausible and persuasive inner coherence. The reader of fantasy accepts the rules set up by the fiction, and ignores, or relishes, the contrast with the rules of everyday reality, often glimpsed in fantasy as a horrific world of tedium and mediocrity. Reasons for the popular appeal of fantasy fiction no doubt include discontent with the mundanity of everyday life in consumer societies, openly voiced in Le Guins The Beginning Place (1980), and the associated yearning for more natural and colorful environments. Fantasy has however, also shown it ready to deal with questions of the utmost cotemporary importance, in particular, with the nature and origins of evil. Fantasy fiction has shown itself capable of dealing with topics which seem outside the range of the traditional realist novel, and speaks for and to a contemporary mass audience whose taste it has itself created. Works Cited: Beach, Richard, & Marshall, James. (1991). Teaching Literature in the Secondary School. Ft Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace. Bernstein, Richard. (1999). Examining the Reality of the Fantasy in the Harry Potter Stories. New York Times. 30 Nov., B1. Childrens Literature. (2007). Dubrow, Heather. (2001). Recent Studies in English Renaissance. Studies in Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 41.Fantasy Fiction. (2000). Guibbory, Achsah. (2005). Recent Studies in the English Renaissance. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 45. Longaker, Mark, & Bolles, Edwin C. (1953). Contemporary English Literature. Appleton-Century-Crofts. Morley, Henry. (1887). English Writers: An Attempt Towards a History of English Literature. Cassell. Schefer, Jean Louis. (1997). Critical Reflections. Artforum International, Vol. 35. Timmerman, John H. (1983). Other Worlds: The Fantasy Genre. Boling Green State University Popular Press.

War and Nature in Literature

War and Nature in Literature War and nature are two themes that have so much in common. Mankind is always on a mission to exploit the environment for new possibilities, make life easier and bearable. Archeologists for instance channel a lot of efforts, time and resources exploiting and studying artifacts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on War and Nature in Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being exploitative by nature, man also puts much effort in exploiting oil wells and other forms of energy and use different means to transport to the areas where it is needed. The exploitation has had several negative effects on the environment and despite this, energy demands keep increasing and hence the need to do more exploitation. Exhaust fumes from tracks, factories as well as other poisonous substances pose a serious threat to the environment. The exploitation seems to pose a threat to archeological research as well (Johnson 1-4). A very small p ercentage of nature has been exploited and studied archeologically and this includes the forests and the landscape, yet exploitation for energy is destroying them. Population grown has also contributed to the destruction of the natural environment. Energy companies have been known to build roads that lead to the mining fields while people use the roads to explore and exploit the environment as they use off-road vehicles. What used to be remote is no longer remote and the environment is being overexploited and to the level where the future generations may have nothing to depend on. This is in accordance with a New York Times article on the Western energy boom that was published on 2nd August, 2008. There are other places which have recreational facilities, cultural resources as well as energy development firms all at the same place hence causing a great conflict. There is a great need for the coexistence of energy and history instead of energy exploitation leading to the destruction of archeological sites. Exploitation has to be done in a responsible way to ensure that nature is preserved. The exploitation must therefore be policed be it by volunteers or the government. More research on archeological sites and their importance has to be enhanced and methods that are friendly to nature be employed in exploration.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People have continually been exploiting the natural resources, for instance through fishing. The indigenous species are continually being depleted with minimal or no restriction at all. Elizabeth Bishop in her poem, ‘The fish’ notes; â€Å"He didnt fight. He hadnt fought at all (Bishop 200).† This is in reference to the fact that man meets little resistance while exploiting the environment to his benefit, yet distorting the balance in nature. Nature and man seem to always be at war, with man always taking advantage of nature and overexploiting it and nature reacts by hauling the side effects of overexploitation back to him. Given the fact that mans desire to explore and exploit never seize, he goes to the level of overexploiting nature and leaves the environment desolate with no ancient and attractive sites hence causing people to long for it yet they cannot get it. With the continued industrialization, the emergence of factories, mines as well as railroads, all of most of which use coal, environmental pollution has been on the rise both in the cities as well as the countries hence making nature to lose its beauty (Wordsworth 22). The persona in the poem, ‘The Lake Isle of Innisfree,’ yarns to go and experience nature in its ideal and uninterrupted form. For instance he says, â€Å"And evening full of the linnets wings,† which is a symbol of the natural environment. (Yeats 44). Another significant aspect in man’s life is war. Since t ime immemorial man has always been at war. Humans have always tried to outdo each other by waging war against the rivals, hence spreading havoc and distraction against the enemy as well as killing. The aim of war is to silence the foe and claim victory hence granting freedom to the coming generations. Most of the time what is left of war is the memories of the past. At the time of war, people undergo so much difficulty, loosing valuable, hurting and even dying in the process yet others keep the fight. At war time, pleasure is derived from the anguish and agony that is directed to the enemy as stated in Wilfred Owen’s poem (Owen 2). Although those who win encounter losses as well, as evident in the poem, Concord Hymn, â€Å"The foe long since in silence slept; Alike the conqueror silent sleeps (Emerson 43)† War is fought and people killed just because they belong to the camp of the foes. In real sense, had those who were killing each other met in an inn, they would have perceived each other in a different way. There is usually no substantial justification for killings occur during war time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on War and Nature in Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People kill others yet had they met at a bar they would have treated each other, or helped each other under different circumstances. The poet in the poem, ‘The Man He Killed,’ notes; â€Å"You shoot a fellow down Youd treat, if met where any bar (Hardy 130).† People get to war just for the sake of fighting at times with no established reason or no justification for it. They march into the valley of death to kill and be killed. They go in multitudes and with sophisticated weapons. War never seems to surprise people, and no care is given as to whether a mistake was made are whether a reason is given for the war to take place. All that the soldiers care about is to kill and get killed. Weapons are arranged in every side and fired causing destruction and death and those who return from the battlefield are usually fewer than those who went. Those who fight well escape death as their colleagues are killed (Tennyson 100). All that is gained is the glory and the memories of how they fought bravely. War and nature are in a way related. War has adverse effects on nature. The shelling, bombing, fumes and fires that emanate from war not only cause death but also leads to the destruction of the natural environment. They leave the battle field desolate and in some cases the effects are over a wider area. Man has always taken part in the destruction of the natural environment as well as in engineering war which causes a lot of havoc to the environment. In both cases, the destructive nature of man is manifest. Bishop, Elizerbeth. The Fish. Poetry Connection (1939): 200. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Concord Hymn. Yale Book of American verse (1836): 43.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hardy, Thomas. The Man He Killed. Mordern British Poetry (1920): 130. Johnson, Kirk. Energy Boom in West Threatens Indian Artifacts. NewYork Times  (2008): 1-4. Owen, Wilfred. Dulce Et Decorum Est. The Trench Destroyer (1917). Tennyson, Alfred. The Charge of the Light Brigade. Poetry Archive (1843): 100. Wordsworth, William. Sonnet. Miscellaneous Sonnets (1850): 22. Yeats, Willium Butler. Lake Isle of Innerfree. Modern British Poetry (1865): 44.

Remington Consulting Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Remington Consulting Group - Essay Example Elements of intellectual capital include human capital, social capital, and organizational capital. The branch of economic theory concerned with the value embodied in a firm’s human resources is known as human capital management. Human capital management has been described as "a strategic approach to people management that focuses on issues that are critical to the organization's success." The most significant link between human resources management and human capital management is the definition of the link between the two. Human capital management is concerned with the measurement metrics. However, it is not primarily about measurement but creating and demonstrating the value that people and people management can contribute to an organization. The practice of human capital management begins with the collection of data and continuation with measurements and reporting. Specific applications of human capital management relate to human resources strategy formulation, talent manag ement, learning and development, knowledge management, performance management, and reward management (Baron and Armstrong, 2008). Human capital management practices allow value extraction rather than value creation as a way to maximize the value of the firm. Human capital has been considered an organization’s intangible assets. These include competencies such as skills, experience, potential and capacity. It is widely believed that people with the right profile and capability provide a competitive advantage that cannot be replicated. Changes in practices have led human capital to become an important driver of organizational performance. Drivers include the acceptance that human capital is a key asset driving creation of value; move in human resource function from efficiency to effectiveness, the cost to adding value, inputs to outputs, data collection to analysis, and operational performance (Ceridian, 2007). In the case study, Remington has not focussed on the value that can be derived from their human resources. The firm has consultants for specific domains within each branch. However, the use of tools to maximize human capital management has not been optimized.

Curriculum design for teaching high School Tennis Essay

Curriculum design for teaching high School Tennis - Essay Example It has also become a part of physical education programs in colleges and high schools. The objective of the researcher is to create a curriculum for teaching tennis to high school students. This curriculum must also show the relation of tennis to other disciplines. Since tennis is a game that requires accuracy and precision, certain principles in biomechanics and racket science should be considered. The understanding of these two subjects requires the application of math and physics. Also, since the sport requires a lot of movement and is very tasking for the body, a little knowledge in physiology can help them avoid or lessen injuries or muscle pains after the game. Human Physiology is actually a combination of anatomy and biochemistry. Therefore, this curriculum will also enhance the students’ knowledge and appreciation of the following subjects: physics, mathematics, anatomy and organic chemistry. Since there are many specialized terms associated with curriculum design, these terms are not defined the same way by many professionals in this field. According to David Armstrong, these are the basic design concepts that must be considered when one is designing a curriculum: 1.) scope, 2.) sequence, 3.) articulation, 4.) continuity, and 5.) balance.1 Scope â€Å"refers to the extent and depth of content coverage.†2 This is very significant in curriculum development because of its dependence on instructional time. Since the time given for a certain subject is fixed, expanding the coverage in one area would lead to the reduction of the coverage of another area. The scope can be molded by these considerations: 1.) legal constraints, 2.) content significance, 3.) content authenticity, 4.) motivational appeal, 5.) content complexity, and 6.) the instructor’s background and support-material availability.3 Legal constraints refer to the decisions that cannot be changed by the curriculum developers. These are usually mandated by the state, specifying the subjects

Discussion questions and participation questions...will load the rest Essay

Discussion questions and participation questions...will load the rest of participation questions - Essay Example The only risk that existed is associated with the value of the investment. Corporation can also issue commercial paper in the form of bonds to raise capital as well. Bonds are sold in lots of $1000 face value bonds that pay a predetermined coupon or interest rate. All corporations that are publicly traded in the United States is obligated to comply with the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. Sarbanes Oxley (SOX) was created in order to protect investors and create greater accountability in order to raise investor confidence in the reliability of the financial markets. A provision that affected the way accounting firm perform business with companies is the prohibition of accounting doing both the audits and other types of business contracts with the same firm. Now the accounting audits are performed by independent auditors. A company can become delisted it fails to comply with the Sarbanes Oxley violation. For example a company that is caught cooking up the numbers could face severe penalties from the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC). Trademarks can add a lot of value to the corporation if they are properly marketed. The legal protection the trademark provides ensures that other firm cannot imitate their trademark names and other types of intellectual property. If another company or individual violates the trademark of a company the firm that is hurt can sue the person or corporation responsible for the trademark violation. Two companies that have been able to penetrate global marketplaces due to its trademark property are McDonald’s and Starbucks Cafà ©. It takes on the average 16 years and $800 million dollars to develop a new drug. Due to the high cost of developing prescription drugs is the reason why so many drugs are so expensive. Patents provide social justice to business for their investment. A patent creates a temporary monopoly for the holder of the patent. Companies can charge whatever price they please during the protected period due to the fact

Puff And Fresh Restaurant Billing System Computer Science Essay

Puff And Fresh Restaurant Billing System Computer Science Essay Puff and Fresh is a popular Restaurant where a large number of Customers Visited. It is very important to have a successful Billing system for the Restaurant. Currently the Restaurant has manual billing system which has many faults when maintain the Bills. Therefore it is good to maintain a computerize system to reduce the errors and to reduce the tiresome Billing system. This documentation contains information on how the Billing system has been created. Facts are discussed under the following topics: The documentation has clearly defined the above topics and there importance of the system. All requirements have been reasoned out and proper conclusions have been made. 1. Introduction Puff and Fresh is a Restaurant. At present Puff and Fresh maintain manual Billing system and they need a computerize approach to maintain Bills. Puff and Fresh shows the customer the different breakfast items offered by the restaurant. Allow the customer to select more than one item from the menu. Calculate and Print the billà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. It is required to develop a C++ application that could Print Menu Item, Price, Amount etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The program is needed to have a user interface which contains the functionalities such as inserting number of adults and children. Choosing the menu and ordering the menu. Creating the bill and print the bill. The aim of this assignment is to present the knowledge the students have gathered this module; C ++ programming. The assignment is divided into their respective sections, and each section has its own objectives, which are to be achieved successfully. Basic fact finding techniques have been followed and the preliminary investigation has been conducted to find out the problems faced by Puff and Fresh Restaurant. The current manual billing system consists of errors mentioned below. Puff and fresh has daily customers. The Bills are stored in files and when the administration needs to access a particular bill, they have to manually go through the files and find it. This is often time consuming and can be a tiresome task. Maintaining records in files over account details require a lot of space and those records may be damaged or misused due to the poor security measures the Restaurant has taken. Since there are a lot of files to be handled, Puff and fresh has needed to handle accounts informations. This is an additional cost. And also the puff and fresh has to spend on paper and other stationary that are needed to store the billing system. A full feasibility study has been conducted and its results show that a computerized system for Puff and fresh is economically, legally and technically feasible to implement. 3. Solution for the problem. The preliminary investigation has given a clear idea about the problem the Puff and Fresh is currently facing. It is clear that the Restaurant needs a computerized system to run and manage the Bill process. Prototyping life cycle model been chosen as the appropriate life cycle model to be used to implement the system. Results from the E-R diagrams and the data flow diagrams have given an idea about the entities and their relationships. The new computerized system has been designed and created in a manner to solve all the problems the Restaurant is currently facing. Entering no of adults: The computerized system is created to identify the amount of adults. This reduces the work of the staff by preventing manual entry of the number and so it prevents errors. Entering no of childrens: The computerized system is created to identify the amount of childrens. This reduces the work of the staff by preventing manual entry of the number and so it prevents errors. Requesting orders: this program can identify the request orders without any errors. The system is password protected and the users have to enter a password to log into the system. This prevents unauthorized users logging into the system. 4. Flowcharts and pseudo codes for the system. 4.1Request Password function Pseudo code Request Password () Char password Char enter Password Open file password Read from file password Struct Print user id Print password Get input enter id Get input enter password If enter id and password = id and password is true then Print user authenticated press enter to login the program Else Print no such login information you entered user id of password invalid please try againà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ End if Close file While Enter user id and password! = administrator, password End while Return 4.2 Printing main menu Pseudo code Meals () Print welcome to puff and fresh breakfast billing system Print item no menu item price Print 1 string hoppers Rs65.00 Print 2 egg sandwich Rs15.00 Print 3 thosai with chutney Rs18.50 Print 4 parata Rs10.50 Print 5 sausage bun Rs30.00 Print 6 fish roll Rs25.00 Print 7 plain tea Rs10.00 Print 8 coffee Rs15.00 Print 9 tea Rs20.00 Print 10 fruit juice Rs22.50 End 4.3 Main menu Pseudo code Meals () Print welcome to puff and fresh breakfast billing system Print item no menu item price Print 1 string hoppers Rs65.00 Print 2 egg sandwich Rs15.00 Print 3 thosai with chutney Rs18.50 Print 4 parata Rs10.50 Print 5 sausage bun Rs30.00 Print 6 fish roll Rs25.00 Print 7 plain tea Rs10.00 Print 8 coffee Rs15.00 Print 9 tea Rs20.00 Print 10 fruit juice Rs22.50 Do while Print enter number of adults Get input number of adults Print enter number of children Get input number of children Do while Print adult Print please enter your orders Get input menu number Print please enter amount of order Get input amount order Print would you like to enter more orders (Y/N) Get input y or n If Input y Print please enter your orders Else Print children Print please enter your orders Get input menu number Print please enter amount of order Get input amount order Print would you like to enter more orders (Y/N) Get input y or n If input y print please enter your orders Else Print puff and fresh billing system Print adults/children amount total Print would you like to continue (y/n)? If Input get y Return Main menu Else Exit 5. Header files used in the program. #include//for input and output library #include// for string data types #include//for search and sorting (standerd library) #include//for mathematics #include// for string data types #include// for header files console input/outputs 5.1 User defined functions used in the the program double price[10] = {65.00 , 15.00 , 18.50 , 10.50 , 30.00 , 25.00 , 10.00 , 15.00 , 20.00 , 22.50 }; //prices of the items double mealTaxPrices[10]; // prices of the tax prices of the meals int adultNumber,childNumber;// number of adults and childern void printMeals();// fuction to print the meals void orderMeals();// function to order the meals double orderForAdult();// function to order for adults double orderForChildren();// function to order for childern void get_password();// function to get the password static struct account accounts[] = { //user names and passwords of the program void get_password ( char *pwd, int size )//function to get the paswwords int main ()//fucntion to main 6. Coding of the Puff and fresh Billing System // +++++++++++++ Puff and Fresh billing System ++++++++++++ #include//for input and output library #include// for string data types #include//for search and sorting (standerd library) #include//for mathematics #include// for string data types #include// for header files console input/outputs // Declaring Functions double price[10] = {65.00 , 15.00 , 18.50 , 10.50 , 30.00 , 25.00 , 10.00 , 15.00 , 20.00 , 22.50 }; //prices of the items double mealTaxPrices[10]; // prices of the tax prices of the meals int adultNumber,childNumber;// number of adults and childern void printMeals();// fuction to print the meals void orderMeals();// function to order the meals double orderForAdult();// function to order for adults double orderForChildren();// function to order for childern void get_password();// function to get the password //arrays for the password #define FIELD_SIZE 25 #define length(array) ( sizeof (array) / sizeof (array)[i] ) struct account { char *id; char *password; }; static struct account accounts[] = { //user names and passwords of the program { Administrator, password }, { Tuwan, icbt } }; int is_authorized ( const char *uid, const char *pwd )//password is correct { int i; for ( i = 0; i if ( stricmp ( uid, accounts[i].id ) == 0 strcmp ( pwd, accounts[i].password ) ==0 ) { return 1; } } return 0; } void get_password ( char *pwd, int size )//function to get the paswwords { int i = 0; int ch; while ( i if ( ch == b ) { if ( i != 0 ) { printf ( b%cb, ); i; } } else { putchar ( * ); pwd[i++] = (char)ch; } } pwd[i] = ; } int main ()//fucntion to main { system (cls);//to clear the screen system (color 0c);//This function help to change color in command prompt char uid[FIELD_SIZE]; char pwd[FIELD_SIZE]; //print the Login printf(t -n);//print this line printf(t ********** Welcome to Puff and Fresh Restaurant **********n);//print this line printf(t -nnnn);//print this line printf(Login by keying in your details below :-nn);//print this line printf ( User ID: );//print this line fflush ( stdout ); if ( fgets ( uid, sizeof uid, stdin ) != NULL ) { char *newline = strchr ( uid, n ); if ( newline != NULL ) *newline = ; printf ( Password: );//print this line fflush ( stdout ); get_password ( pwd, sizeof pwd ); if ( is_authorized ( uid, pwd ) ) //If entered the correct data then this meseage will display. printf(nnt >n); else { //If entered wrong then this error meseage will display and exit. printf(nnttt>); printf(nnt>n); system(pause); return main (); } } getchar(); printMeals(); char response = y; //print this in the main menu asking number of adults and number of chilrdren printMeals(); while(response == y|| response == Y) { printf( please enter number of adults :);//print this line scanf(%d,adultNumber); printf( please enter number of children:);//print this line scanf(%d,childNumber); orderMeals(); printf(n would you like to continue(y/n):);//print this line scanf(n%c,response); } //in the bill this will print printf(n ******************** THANK YOU FOR COMING ************************n);//print this line printf( 20********************** PLEASE VISIT US NEXT TIME **************************20 n);//print this line system(pause); return 0; } void printMeals()//fuction to print meals { char code; system(cls);//to clear the screen system (color f3);//This function help to change color in command prompt printf( Puff and fresh Copyright: (C)2010 Tuwan.nn); //print this line printf( 20=======================================================================20n); //print this line printf( 20********************* WELCOME TO PUFF AND FRESH ***********************20n); //print this line printf( 20********************* Breakfast Billing System ***********************20n); //print this line printf( 20=======================================================================20nnn); //print this line printf( tt Below is the menue:20nn); //print this line printf( tt Item NotMenu ItemttPrice:n); //print this line printf( tt 22*******************************22nn); //print this line printf( tt 1- tString HoppersttRs.65.50n); //print this line printf( tt 2-ttEgg SandwitchttRs.15.00n); //print this line printf( tt 3- tThosai with ChutneytRs.18.50n); //print this line printf( tt 4- tParatatttRs.10.50n); //print this line printf( tt 5- tSausages BunttRs.30.00n); //print this line printf( tt 6- tFish RollttRs.25.00n); //print this line printf( tt 7- tPlain TeattRs.10.00n); //print this line printf( tt 8- tCoffeetttRs.15.00n); //print this line printf( tt 9- tTeatttRs.20.00n);//print this line printf( tt 10- tFruit JuicettRs.22.50n);//print this line printf(n); } void orderMeals() //function to print order meals { double totalPriceForAdult, totalPriceForChildren; double allPayment,discount; printf( tt**** ORDER MENUE****n); //print this line totalPriceForAdult = orderForAdult(); totalPriceForChildren = orderForChildren(); allPayment = totalPriceForAdult + totalPriceForChildren ; system(cls);//to clear the screen system (color f4);//This function help to change color in command prompt printf(t 20==================================================20);//print this line printf(n tt 22****** WELCOME TO PUFF AND FRESH ******22 n);//print this line printf( tt*********** Breakfast Billing System ************ n);//print this line printf( t 20=============================================================20nn);//print this line printf( ttAdult/ChildttAmountttTotal Pricen);//print this line printf( ttadultsttt%dtt%5.2fn,adultNumber,totalPriceForAdult);//print adult amount and the price of the adult printf( ttchildrentt%dtt%5.2fn,childNumber,totalPriceForChildren);//print child amount and the price of the child printf( ttTotal billtttt%5.2fn,allPayment );//print the toal bill //arithmetic of the bill if(allPayment discount=((allPayment * 0.5)/100); else if(allPayment>= 10 allPayment discount=((allPayment * 1)/100); else if(allPayment>= 20 allPayment discount=((allPayment * 1.5)/100); else if(allPayment>= 30 allPayment discount=((allPayment * 2.0)/100); else discount= ((allPayment * 5.0)/100); printf( ttTotal bill after discounttt%5.2fnn,allPayment-discount);//print total bill anfter discount printf( t No 234, peradeniya road, Kandy. Tel:- 081-2345678nn);//print this line } double orderForAdult() //fuction to print orders for adult { int menuOption,i,amount; char response = y; double totalPerPerson = 0.0,totalAllPerson = 0.0; double tax = 5.0; if(adultNumber printf(n ); else printf(*tadults:n);//print this line for(i=0;i { printf( adult %d please enter your ordersn,i+1);//print this line while(response == y || response == Y) { printf( please enter your option:);//print this line scanf(%d,menuOption); if(menuOption10) { printf( sorry we don`t have this order nagain! );//print this line continue; } printf( please enter your amount of order:);//print this line scanf(%d,amount); totalPerPerson = totalPerPerson + (amount * price[menuOption 1] );//total price of a person printf( Would you like to enter more orders(y/n):);//print this line scanf(n%c,response); } printf(n); totalAllPerson += totalAllPerson + totalPerPerson;//arithmetic totalPerPerson = 0.0; response = y; } return totalAllPerson + ((totalAllPerson * tax) / 100);//arithmetic } double orderForChildren()//fuction to print orders for child { int menuOption,i,amount; char response = y; double totalPerChild = 0.0,totalAllChildren = 0.0; double tax = 5.0,oneOrder; if(childNumber printf(n); else printf(*tChildren:n);//print this line for(i=0;i { printf( child %d please enter your ordersn,i+1);//print this line while(response == y || response == Y) { printf( please enter your option:);//print this line scanf(%d,menuOption); if(menuOption10) { printf( sorry we don`t have this order nagain! );//print this line continue; } printf( please enter your amount of order:);//print this line scanf(%d,amount); oneOrder = (price[menuOption 1] * 60)/100 ;//this one order for a child with discount %60 of one order of adult totalPerChild = totalPerChild + (amount * oneOrder) ;//total price of a person printf( Would you like to enter more orders(y/n):);//print this line scanf(n%c,response); } totalAllChildren += totalAllChildren + totalPerChild; response = y; totalPerChild = 0.0; printf(n); } return totalAllChildren + ((totalAllChildren * tax) / 100);//arithmetic } //***************************************END*****************************************// 7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Puff and Fresh billing system: Advantages of Puff and Fresh billing system It is a Windows based system The program is easy to learn. Developing or modifying code is much easier and faster Restricted to a limited number of users You can have a fully functional and the user interface elements are quite powerful. Improved security Disadvantages of Puff and Fresh billing system Take time to implement Difficult to use in non-Windows environments. Viruses can infect. 8. Data dictionary Variable name Data type Description account struct The struct assigned to the accounts User id char Variable to hold the password password char The variable holding the value for the confirm password No of adults Char The variable holding the value for the confirm number of adults No of children char The variable holding the value for the confirm number of children payment double The variable holding the value of payment total double The variable holding the value of total discount double The variable holding the value of discount tax double The variable holding the value of tax Menu option Int The variable holding the value of menu option Meals char The variable holding the value for the confirm meals 9. Test cases of the system. Checking the User ID and Password # Test Test Type Expected Outcome Actual Outcome 1.1 Type in an incorrect User ID Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 1.2 Type in the correct Password. Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 1.3 Type in an correct User ID Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 1.4 Type in an incorrect Password Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 1.5 Type in an correct User ID Normal Logging into the system message displayed Logging into the system message displayed 1.6 Type in an correct Password Normal Logging into the system message displayed Logging into the system message displayed Selecting options from the Main Menu ( Entering options using main menu Adult and children) Adult # Test Test Type Expected Outcome Actual Outcome 2.1 Type in an incorrect option. Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 2.2 Type in the correct option Normal Option becomes available. Option becomes available. Selecting options from the Main Menu ( Entering options using main menu Adult and children) Children # Test Test Type Expected Outcome Actual Outcome 2.1 Type in an incorrect option. Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 2.2 Type in the correct option Normal Option becomes available. Option becomes available. 10. Report about the program When chording this program Puff and Fresh Billing system I had to face lots of difficulties like syntax errors, semantic errors and compiling errors. Such as when we misspelled a word it becomes a syntax error. For example u can see below screenshot. If there is an error in logic it becomes a logical error. When we compile the chord the compiling chord show the error. You can see an example below. (A logical error) 11. Recommendations Implementing a security system to allow access to only authorized personals. Take regular backups of all the player records. Conducting a user training and support plan to train the staff at Puff and Fresh. Update the system in the future adding new features. Implement a system where the player can order Items online. Create a centralized database; thereby the same data is accessible from any location. Security from viruses; computer viruses could be a major problem; therefore reliable antivirus software could be installed. This software could be updated on a regular basis and the employees should be trained to use it. Keep the passwords updated; that is the users should change their passwords on a regular basis. Install Malware and spyware guards to protect the system from being hacked. 12. Conclusion The documentation includes all necessary information on the structure and the coding of the program created for Puff and Fresh Billing system. Creating the program was an overwhelming task that required a lot of analyzing, research work and personal skills. Below is a list of problems that had to be faced while creating the program. Understanding the problem and coming up with the most suitable solutions. Using the correct logics and the coding that would work best according to the requirements. Making proper use of the data types and variables such as structs and arrays. Understanding the errors that occur when using such data types and finding solutions to overcome those errors. Creating user-defined functions and passing parameters successfully. Creating proper user interface. Creating proper messages for input and output. Understanding the situations where displaying of error messages are needed and successfully creating them. Above problems have been successfully analyzed and correct solutions have been given in this assignment. Creating this report had been a great experience and a lot of facts have been learned since the required tasks have been given in a challenging manner. Tasks such as creating a system to a restaurant, needed research work as well as personal skills. Creating proper error messages was a very tiring task that consumed a lot of time. The program has been created successfully with proper error messages displaying at proper situations. Alternative measures had to be taken when using arrays and enumerators to prevent run-time errors. Even though there were no logical or syntax errors, using arrays inside struct created errors with the memory and finding out those errors was a difficult task. 13. Gantt chart 14. Reference Malik, D.S, I. (1999). C++ Programming: programmed Design Including Data Structures. Second Edition, Thompson Course technology, pp.269-294. DaniWeb.LLC, 2003 2010, Viewed on 25th of August 2008, http://www.daniweb.com/forums/thread141983.html Experts Exchange LLC 2009, viewed on 18th of August 2010, http://www.expertsexchange.com/Programming/Languages/CPP/Q_2163.html About, Inc. About and About.com,2010, viewed on 24th of August 2010, http://en.allexperts.com/q/C-1040/Storing-Info-Files.htm Lectures tutes and notes of c++. Exhedra Solutions, Inc, 1997-2010, viewed on 24th of August 2010, http://www.planetsourcecode.com/vb/default.asp?lngWId=3 Experts Exchange LLC 2010, viewed on 15th of August 2010, http://www.expertsexchange.com/Programming/Languages/CPP/Q_2163.html

Gender Differences In A Video Store Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hayes 1 Abstract The difference between male and females was examined in five investigations in a large, well known video store chain. Different genders were looked at in groups of all male or all female, single men and single women, and then groups of mixed gender. Differences between the two were measured in actions, words, and attitudes. The findings were in sync with what society generalizes so broadly as: men and women differ in everything they do. The research was conducted not to prove this familiar concept wrong but to show how men and women differ in a general setting of a video store. The data was quite rich in that the customers did not hold back what needed to be said and actions tended not to be restricted. The findings revealed that not only do men and women pick out different movie titles but they go about the whole process differently as well. The belief that men and women differ in practically everything they do is widespread throughout the United States. There have been many studies on how they differ in certain aspects, which never seem to be a surprise to the reader. We are so used to findings that prove time and again the differences that we are ready to offer up a proposal such as a professor of mine once said ?If you find in your setting that there is not a difference between men and women then that is something that needs to be published right away.? However, in the setting of the video store gender differences were found.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Investigating the male-female relationship in a video store has a few different aspects. First, all male groups   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hayes 2 that came in to the store were quite different from the all female groups that came in to the store. They differed not only in the way they talked to each other and what they said to each other but also the type of movie title they chose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, when a si... ...e introduction, it is a universal belief that men and women differ in many ways in everything they do. Discussion From the results we see that men and women do differ significantly in the way they shop for videos. They not only differ in the videos that they watch but also the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hayes 111 process in the way they choose movies. The differences we see our not specific just to this situation. We see these same differences in almost all settings that we observe. Why we see these differences is what this paper just begins to touch on. What makes almost every woman pick out the same type of movie and what makes her spend a significant amount of time in the store? In contrast, what makes men want typically only action movies and what makes them spend ten minutes or less in the store? The findings of the research confirm that there are gender differences but where and when these gender differences begin is the question?

Punishment or Treatment: What are our prisons for? Essay

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, we always hear news about crimes being committed by many people. Moreover, those people who commit crimes tend to offend again their previous criminal acts.   The repeating of doing such criminal act is known as recidivism. Specifically, recidivism is the term used when someone, who after receiving a punishment or negative consequences of the criminal behavior, repeat his or her criminal behavior. Due to the alarming increase in recidivism cases, policy makers in a given country try to find out what will be the best option or solution that will help in decreasing the number of criminal cases and one of their options is the implementation of punishment or what they call deterrence and the other method is rehabilitation. Deterrence had been a hot issue regarding on its ethical background and most especially its effectiveness in counterattacking recidivism. Many said that it is not effective in its sole purpose. They added that there are other ways to prevent an individual in committing crime again other than forcing those individual to be punished by law. But there were studies that concluded deterrence to be an effective tool in decreasing crime rate among crime violators whether the deterrence is specific or general. The most popular form of deterrence is imprisonment. Imprisonment brings fright to those possible committers. And this limits them to do crime again because deterrence brings bad experience to those who were found to have committed crime. OBJECTIVE The main audiences of this paper are the policy makers that are concerned on recidivism issues. Lawmakers will make certain policy that will guide these offenders and will treat them offenders. The said audience is not limited only to policy makers but also to those people like parole and rehabilitation officers who assess and guides these criminal committers in their probation program. This paper will try to analyze recidivism occurrence. This paper will have a deep analysis on the reasons why people tend to commit again their previous criminal behavior given that they were already given the right treatment and appropriate consequences to extinguish that behavior. The paper will not only tackle recidivism but also take a look on the current situation on the policies and actions given to those people who commit criminal acts again. Potential intervention to reduce the risk of recidivism will be one of the focuses of this paper. The effectiveness of the current actions will be emphasized as it will serve as a guide to the people who handle this kind of issue. The paper will compare deterrence and rehabilitation as the two most popular solutions and actions when dealing with recidivism. Is longer deterrence and rehabilitation will lead to minimize recidivism or will just increase the repeating of undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been treated or trained to extinguish that behavior? The paper will try to answer all these questions to enlighten and give knowledge to the proposed reader of this paper. III. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Recidivism and Deterrence In legal terms, deterrence and recidivism are two common terms used. These two terms have many meaning and it depends on the field that the two terms were utilized. Recidivism is the act of returning to the offense that was previously committed. It is the repetition or habitual committing on crimes. The word originated from the Latin word recidÄ «vus which means recurring. The said term is usually used in criminology. An example of recidivism case is when a sexual offender person who after release from prison does again sexual harassment. Recidivism does not only include sexual harassment but also other form of criminal acts. Recidivism rate has been a major problem of different countries and solution to the increasing rate on recidivism is being done (Maltz, 2007). Recidivism Theories After discussing recidivism, the next topic to talk about is the theories behind recidivism. The theories that will explain the occurrence of recidivism are: Anomie, Differential Association Theory, Deviance theory, Labeling theory, Rational Choice theory, Social Control theory, Strain theory, Subcultural theory and Symbolic Interactionism (Clarke & Felson, 1993). Anomie pertains to the condition malaise or depression of an individual. Depression is the result of minimal guidance set by the governing and ruling body of a country. It is the lack of rules and regulation, standards and values that hinder criminal behavior. When the term anomie is applied in a government, it means social unrest or turmoil. The term anomie is synonymous on normlessness. It means that a person in a society will react against from the social norms which are guided by the set of rules and standards of a given society. Anomie focuses on the social issues rather than on the individual reason why there are such incidences of recidivism. This theory emphasize that the society has big responsibility in molding and guiding every citizen in the right path. On the other hand, Differential Association theory is almost synonymous to anomie. The said theory was developed by Edwin Sutherland. According to Sutherland, differential association can be seen when a person is being affected by the people around him. That person learns the values of the values, attitudes and behavior of the people around him to do criminal behavior. Thus the society around an individual has big impact on the possible recidivism (Clarke & Felson, 1993). Deviant behavior is also a possible answer why people tend to engage in repeating criminal acts. When a person displays deviant behavior, he is more likely to commit crimes. He does not know nor follow rules in a given society (Clarke & Felson, 1993). Labeling theory is another aspect to look in understanding recidivism. In this theory, the person’s deviant behavior is being affected by the people around him because these people try to categorize or label him as a person with abnormal behavior. The society dictates and classifies a person which can include the deviant behavior (Clarke & Felson, 1993). Looking on the psychological aspect of a person with recidivism case, he or she may have some problem that cannot be resolved easily. Thus, his brain may not function well. That person will try to commit undesirable acts like crime. This is the main point of rational choice theory, in which the person weighs means and ends and makes rational decisions (Clarke & Felson, 1993). Another theory that has relation to deviant behavior is the Social Control theory. The theory hypothesizes that deviant behavior if a person is a result of the dissatisfaction in a society. The person will break laws as a sign of grief. On the other hand, the Subcultural theory states that within a society, there is a group of person that has natural deviant behavior. If these people meet together, then they will find comfort with each other because they have the same feeling when doing deviant acts (Clarke & Felson, 1993). And the last theory will be the Strain theory. In criminology, the strain theory states that social structures within society may encourage citizens to commit crime. When the structure of the society inhibits the needs of a person, there is a big possibility that this person will commit unnecessary behavior like crimes (Clarke & Felson, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the past few years, the recidivism rate in the United States had a significant increase. Given the figure below, we can see that between 3 years, the number of recidivism in the country in 1994 within the 15 states had increased to 70% which is higher than the year 1983 which had a record of 60%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the Office of Justice Program, OPJ of the United Stares, 67.5% of prisoners released in 1994 were rearrested within 3 years, an increase over the 62.5% found for those released in 1983. The figure also shows that, all the crime categories had a relevant increase from 1983 to 1994. The property offenders, drug offenders and public-order offenders had increased from 68.1% to 73.8%, 50.4% to 66.7% and 54.6% to 62.2% respectively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, OPJ emphasized that in the year 1994, recidivism rate within 3 years was estimated to be 51.8% of prisoners released during the year were back in prison for the reason of a committing fresh crime for which they received another prison sentence, or because they were not able to follow the regulations of their parole. Figure 1. Recidivism rate in 1983 and 1994 Deterrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For this paper, two topics regarding on the correctional methods will be focused and these are deterrence and parole and probation. These two methods differ with each other in terms of the process and principle being employed. The former believes that correctional means can be attained and achieved when punishment or negative consequence is applied in the crime committer while the former consider the rehabilitation and education of prisoners. Another term which has relation on recidivism is deterrence. Deterrence is the act of providing necessary punishment on those who commit crime. The degree of the punishment depends also on the degree of the crime that was committed (Maltz, 2007). There are two forms of deterrence, the specific and the general. The former describes deterrence as punishment given only to the individual who committed the crime while the latter describe deterrence as punishment on the general audience. Specific deterrence is also known as individual deterrence. The general deterrence focuses on general prevention of crime by making examples of specific deviants. The individual actor is not the focus of the attempt at behavioral change, but rather receives punishment in public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in the future. Deterrence as a major tool in lessening recidivism rate gained many criticisms about its effectiveness. Many said that deterrence, whether it is specific or general, is not effective in decreasing the crime rate in the country. Some studies regarding on the effectiveness of deterrence found that violators are not afraid on the punishment, but rather they are more afraid on the act of caught. Usually, the offenders are the drug and alcohol abusers. This result was supported on the findings on areas where surveillance cameras were introduced. Possible violators were afraid to be caught from the surveillance cameras thus lowering the rate of crime cases. General deterrence has also been heavily criticized for relying on publicity of heavy punishments; it has been described as â€Å"the least effective and least fair principle of sentencing†. Other countries like the Great Britain believe on rehabilitation procedure rather than deterrence. Deterrence Theory But why deterrence is still being implemented in many criminal procedures? To answer this question, it is better to examine the principle behind the use of punishment to eradicate crimes. In behavioral psychology, deterrence is theory on introducing punishment for those who violated the law. Today, United States is adopting and implementing this practice in their criminal justice procedure. The principle behind the use of an iron hand for those who committed crime is that, the violator will be afraid when introduced to punishment and will refrain from doing it again. Deterrence: Effective or not? This paper will try to analyze the effectiveness if deterrence in minimizing the crime rate or the recidivism among countries. Also, the two types of deterrence, specific and general will be examined. There were many studies were conducted to address the problem in the rise of recidivism. Part of the studies was the implementation of punishment among the violators. The studies analyze procedure on the implementation as well the effectiveness of the said procedures. According to the study that was made by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, punishment among violators on individuals who are apprehended for driving under the alcohol influence (DUI), driving while intoxicated (DWI), or related offenses such as driving after suspension for a DUI and violation of zero tolerance laws found that giving them a sanction is effective in doing the said crimes again. As a matter of fact, many policy makers use punishment to control the rise of crimes on their countries. They developed laws that will hinder in doing offense or any unlawful act. People are afraid on the punishment like going to jail. The principle behind the use of any kind of punishment is the inculcation or realization of the bad experiences from punishment (Henry, 2003). Specific deterrence has a positive effect on the decrease in the rate of crime cases. An individual will think again if he or she will do the crime again after the individual had a bad experience of the punishment he or she received earlier. This will make the potential offender afraid on the possible sanction he may incur and will also produce doubt in doing the crime again (Martin & Ellis, 1998). General deterrence also produce a positive effect in relation to the lessening the crime rate in a given place. People will have an idea on the proposed sentence or penalty. The most popular example of general deterrence is going to jail. The media will broadcast the bad condition of a person in a jail. According to studies, jail imprisonment is more effective as a general deterrent, but it appears to be no more effective as a specific deterrent for reducing DUI recidivism than other sanctions, and it is far more costly (Martin & Ellis, 1998). Another form of deterrence is the administrative license suspension or any other criminal records that will be a problem is any job employment. When a person committed a crime, he or she will have criminal record and when this person will apply for a job, the company he or she is applying will need a criminal clearance, if in United States, an FBI clearance. When the person applying for the job had a criminal record, the company will hesitate to employ the said individual. This form of deterrence had created an impact in the reduction of recidivism (Martin & Ellis, 1998). To strengthen the argument on the effectiveness of deterrence when it comes to the elimination of recidivism, another study was conducted to determine the effect of the length of imprisonment to the number of law violations.   According to Weinrath and Gartrell (2001), they concluded that sentence length exerted consistent deterrent effects on repeat drunk driving, even for chronic offenders. While in a shorter jail imprisonment, the offenders that will be imprisoned at shorter time were more likely to repeat their habitual crime commitment. This finding will strengthen the evidence on the argument that deterrence is an effective tool in lessening the crime rate in a given place ( Weinrath and Gartrell, 2001). Moreover, longer deterrence has positive impact in lessening recidivism rate. Another classification of deterrence is the severity and strictness. According to Henry (2003), mild punishment tends to have positive effects on decreasing recidivism while those severe consequences produce negative effects. Psychological research on punishment in has shown that mild punishment can be effective in changing behavior and is dependent on the frequency, immediacy application and with positive reinforcement of pro-social behavior. On the other hand, severe punishment will only lead to avoidance or escape, alienation of those punished, and aggressiveness. Parole and Rehabilitation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many possible causes why recidivism is present in our society. One is the problem in their family. When the parents of the family are not around in their home or a broken family, these are possible factors. The most prone to commit recidivism that is results on the minimal parental guidance are the youth or juvenile. The juveniles are not being monitored on their activities. This kind of family structure is not good for a child because juveniles has a low self control especially when encountering serious problem like family problems, they tend to break and to escape to the problem, they break the laws and norms of the society. In this period, they are engage in drinking alcohol and drug abusing. There will come a time when they will repeat the crime they had committed before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Problems in their schooling are other factors that contribute to the increase in juvenile recidivism cases. If a child experience failing grades or does not do well in class, the child will find a way to escape on their problems and this may lead to juvenile delinquency activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another major cause of recidivism among is the social factor. This can be explained when a person experienced racial discrimination, sexual harassment, abandonment, physical abuse and neglect. The society may dictate what an innocent person can do. If a person is surrounded by criminal incidences, that person may be influenced by these wrong doings. This is somewhat related to peer to peer relation. If group of people has engaged in wrong doing like alcohol drinking, drug abusing, the innocent person may be influenced. (Roberts, 2000)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the alarming news and impact of recidivism in the society, the government of United States made a program to lessen the impacts and cases of reoffending of criminal acts in the society. Lawmakers made a response to these issues. They made laws and policies that will eliminate recidivism cases in the society. Children who commits the case were been rehabilitate in a rehabilitation center to put in to realization the crime they had committed and how to escape from the disorder of their behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parole and probation are both part of the rehabilitation program made by lawmakers. Dressler (1959) defined parole as the release of the delinquent outside the rehabilitation center under supervision of a parole officer. The offender had undergone rehabilitation in a correctional center. The word parole was in the French language is defined as promise and in dictionary context it is word of honor. The release is conditional and the behavior of the delinquent is being monitored. While probation is the release of the delinquent to the community in which he can rehabilitate his behavior better. Like parole, the offender’s behavior is being monitored by the probation officer. The word probation comes from the Latin language meaning a period of supervision and guidance. Probation in church term means the period were a person is seeking in the entrance to the church.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a rehabilitation center, probation is a treatment where the offender will have the chance to have socialized in a community. Probation and parole programs are being handled by the court members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The delinquent under parole program had stayed in the rehabilitation center. Both parole and probation programs are made to change the behavioral problems of the offenders. They believe that rehabilitation can be made better to the offenders if they stay in a community than staying in prison. In the parole program, offenders are given the second chance to change their behaviors, as well in the probation program. The offenders tend to learn their lesson after they undergone in this two programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Torbet (1996) said that probation or parole program on recidivism cases has been overwhelming dispositional decision of court judges. Almost half of the recidivism cases were made to probation or parole program. Torbet said also that probation is the roughest sanction that the offender can received. At the end of 80’s decade, Whitehead and Lab (1989) made a meta analysis on the effects of probation or parole treatment on the behavior of the juvenile delinquent and concluded that probation programs lessen the recidivism of the offender.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1992, Lipsey released another meta analysis study regarding on probation or parole programs. The result also showed that recidivism was lessening on juvenile delinquent when probation is granted to them than those in comparison group. In 1998, Lipsey together with Wilson conducted another Meta analysis study on the effects of serious juvenile delinquent cases to probation program. The result also showed that probation lessens the cases in recidivism. The results also suggest that there are many variations on how the probation program is being worked.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some studies had been conducted to determine the effects of the duration of probation programs to recidivism. Wooldredge in 1998 found that the longer the time of probation the greater are the incidence of recidivism. Longer duration made the offenders to have impatience and disrespect on the probation officers. Wooldredge concluded that two years of supervision is the ideal duration for a probation program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another study was conducted by Sontheimer and Goodstein (1993) to find out how intensive probation aftercare programs lessen the occurrence of offending using random assignment. And the result showed that it does not lessen the occurrence that the offender will commit again juvenile crime. Parole and Probation; Effective or not?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Effective response on recidivism cases is a key to minimize the occurrence of the said cases.   Effective intervention on the possible causes of recidivism cases and the proper management to the offenders is the first step in reducing the reoffending of crime cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies show that effective intervention reduce the recidivism rate. The effective intervention has a significant effect on recidivism rate. It made a 6% reduction from the previous cases. (Lipsey, 1992)    References: Clarke, R. V. and M. Felson   (1993). Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol 5. New   Ã‚   Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. Dressler, D. (1959). Practice and Theory of Probation and Parole. Henry, S. (2003). On the Effectiveness of Prison as Punishment [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.is.wayne.edu/stuarthenry/Effectiveness_of_Punishment.htm Lipsey, M. W. (1992). Juvenile delinquency treatment:Ameta-analytic inquiry into the ariabilityof effects.: New York: RussellSage Foundation. Maltz, M. D. Recidivism. (2007). [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/forr/pdf/crimjust/recidivism.pdf Martin, S. E., & Ellis, E. (1998). EFFECTIVENESS OF STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING DUI RECIDIVISM [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAS-99-023.html Roberts, C. H. (2000). Juvenile Delinquency: Cause and Effect. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, II. Sontheimer, H., &Goodstein, L. (1993). An evaluation of juvenile intensive aftercare probation: Aftercare versus system response effects. Justice Quarterly,. Torbet, P. M. (1996). Juvenile probation: The workhorse of the juvenile justice system. Washington Weinrath, M., & Gartrell, J. (2001). Specific Deterrence and Sentence Length. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 17(2, 105-122 ). Whitehead, J. T., &Lab, S.P. (1989). Ameta-analysis of juvenile correctional treatment. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Wooldredge, J. D. (1988). Differentiating the effects of juvenile court sentences on eliminating recidivism. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency.